29 results
Cultural and Genetic Contexts for Early Turkey Domestication in the Northern Southwest
- William D. Lipe, R. Kyle Bocinsky, Brian S. Chisholm, Robin Lyle, David M. Dove, R.G. Matson, Elizabeth Jarvis, Kathleen Judd, Brian M. Kemp
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- Journal:
- American Antiquity / Volume 81 / Issue 1 / January 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 97-113
- Print publication:
- January 2016
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The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) was independently domesticated in Mesoamerica and the Southwest, the latter as the only case of Native American animal domestication north of Mexico. In the upland (non-desert) portion of the American Southwest, distinctive closely related mtDNA lineages belonging to haplogroup H1 (thought to indicate domestication) occur from ca. 1 A.D. (Basketmaker II period) through early historic times. At many sites, low frequencies of lineages belonging to haplogroup H2 also occur, apparently derived from the local Merriam’s subspecies. We report genetic, stable isotope, and coprolite data from turkey remains recovered at three early sites in SE Utah and SW Colorado dating to the Basketmaker II, III, and early Pueblo II periods. Evidence from these and other early sites indicates that both the H1 and H2 turkeys had a predominantly maize-based diet similar to that of humans; prior to late Pueblo II times, the birds were kept primarily to provide feathers for blankets and ritual uses; and ritualized burials indicate turkeys’ symbolic value. We argue that viewing individuals from the H1 and H2 haplogroups as “domestic” versus “wild” is an oversimplification.
Contributors
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- By Christopher Ames, Cathy W. Barks, Ronald Berman, Anthony J. Berret, Robert Beuka, William Blazek, Elisabeth Bouzonviller, Jackson R. Bryer, Deborah Clarke, Gretchen Comba, Kirk Curnutt, Linda De Roche, Suzanne Del Gizzo, Kathleen Drowne, Richard Fine, Edward Gillin, Michael K. Glenday, Richard Godden, Steven Goldleaf, Peter L. Hays, Pearl James, Joel Kabot, Heidi M. Kunz, Jarom Lyle McDonald, Philip McGowan, Bonnie Shannon McMullen, Bryant Mangum, Lauren Rule Maxwell, James H. Meredith, Linda Patterson Miller, James Nagel, Michael Nowlin, Ruth Prigozy, Laura Rattray, Walter Raubicheck, Deborah Davis Schlacks, Gail D. Sinclair, Robert Sklar, Linda Wagner-Martin, James L. W. West, Doni M. Wilson
- Edited by Bryant Mangum, Virginia Commonwealth University
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- Book:
- F. Scott Fitzgerald in Context
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
- Print publication:
- 18 March 2013, pp xi-xx
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- By Diogo Almeida, Sergio Balari, Douglas Bemis, Antonio Benítez-Burraco, Derek Bickerton, Michal Biran, Cedric Boeckx, Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Jonathan Brennan, Perrine Brusini, Elodie Cauvet, Anne Christophe, Albert Costa, Dror Dotan, Naama Friedmann, Kleanthes K. Grohmann, Mireia Hernández, Gregory Hickok, William J. Idsardi, Lyle Jenkins, Simon Kirby, Ellen F. Lau, Jeffrey Lidz, Víctor M. Longa, Guillermo Lorenzo, Gary F. Marcus, Clara D. Martin, Brian McElree, James McGilvray, Jürgen M. Meisel, Séverine Millotte, Philip J. Monahan, Kazuo Okanoya, Lisa Pearl, Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, Liina Pylkkänen, Cristina D. Rabaglia, Hugh Rabagliati, Matthias Schlesewsky, Núria Sebastián-Galles, Jon Sprouse, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli, Matthew Wagers, Ken Wexler, Klaus Zuberbühler
- Edited by Cedric Boeckx, Kleanthes K. Grohmann, University of Cyprus
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Biolinguistics
- Published online:
- 05 May 2013
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2013, pp xiii-xiv
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Relationship between Chlorhexidine Gluconate Skin Concentration and Microbial Density on the Skin of Critically Ill Patients Bathed Daily with Chlorhexidine Gluconate
- Kyle J. Popovich, Rosie Lyles, Robert Hayes, Bala Hota, William Trick, Robert A. Weinstein, Mary K. Hayden
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 33 / Issue 9 / September 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 889-896
- Print publication:
- September 2012
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Objective and Design.
Previous work has shown that daily skin cleansing with Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is effective in preventing infection in the medical intensive care unit (MICU). A colorimetric, semiquantitative indicator was used to measure CHG concentration on skin (neck, antecubital fossae, and inguinal areas) of patients bathed daily with CHG during their MICU stay and after discharge from the MICU, when CHG bathing stopped.
Patients and Setting.MICU patients at Rush University Medical Center.
Methods.CHG concentration on skin was measured and skin sites were cultured quantitatively. The relationship between CHG concentration and microbial density on skin was explored in a mixed-effects model using gram-positive colony-forming unit (CFU) counts.
Results.For 20 MICU patients studied (240 measurements), the lowest CHG concentrations (0–18.75 μg/mL) and the highest gram-positive CFU counts were on the neck (median, 1.07 log10 CFUs; P = .014). CHG concentration increased postbath and decreased over 24 hours (P < .001). In parallel, median log10 CFUs decreased pre- to postbath (0.78 to 0) and then increased over 24 hours to the baseline of 0.78 (P = .001). A CHG concentration above 18.75 μg/mL was associated with decreased gram-positive CFUs (P = .004). In all but 2 instances, CHG was detected on patient skin during the entire interbath (approximately 24-hour) period (18 [90%] of 20 patients). In 11 patients studied after MICU discharge (80 measurements), CHG skin concentrations fell below effective levels after 1–3 days.
Conclusion.In MICU patients bathed daily with CHG, CHG concentration was inversely associated with microbial density on skin; residual antimicrobial activity on skin persisted up to 24 hours. Determination of CHG concentration on the skin of patients may be useful in monitoring the adequacy of skin cleansing by healthcare workers.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Electronic Algorithmic Prediction of Central Vascular Catheter Use
- Bala Hota, Brian Harting, Robert A. Weinstein, Rosie D. Lyles, Susan C. Bleasdale, William Trick, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epicenters
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 31 / Issue 1 / January 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 4-11
- Print publication:
- January 2010
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Objective.
To develop prediction algorithms for the presence of a central vascular catheter in hospitalized patients with use of data present in an electronic health record. Such algorithms could be used for measurement of device utilization rates and for clinical decision support rules.
Design.Criterion standard.
Setting.John H. Stroger, Jr, Hospital of Cook County, a 464-bed public hospital in Chicago, Illinois.
Participants.Patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit from May 31, 2005 through June 26, 2006 (derivation data set, May 31, 2005-September 28, 2005; validation data set, September 29, 2005-June 28, 2006).
Methods.Covariates were collected from the electronic medical record for each patient; the outcome variable was presence of a central vascular device. Multivariate models were developed using the derivation set and the generalized estimating equation. Three models, each with increasing database requirements, were validated using the validation set. Device utilization ratios and performance characteristics were calculated.
Results.Although Charlson score and duration of intensive care unit stay were significant predictors in all models, factors that indicated use or presence of a central line were also important. Device utilization rates derived from the algorithmic models were as accurate as those obtained using manual sampling.
Conclusions.Automated calculation of central vascular catheter use is both feasible and accurate, providing estimates statistically similar to those obtained using manual surveillance. Prediction modeling of central vascular catheter use may enable automated surveillance of bloodstream infections and enhance important prevention interventions, such as timely removal of unnecessary central lines.
IMAGES OF BLACK AMERICANS: Then, “Them,” and Now, “Obama!”
- Susan T. Fiske, Hilary B. Bergsieker, Ann Marie Russell, Lyle Williams
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- Journal:
- Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race / Volume 6 / Issue 1 / Spring 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 July 2009, pp. 83-101
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Images of Black Americans are becoming remarkably diverse, enabling Barack Obama to defy simple-minded stereotypes and succeed. Understood through the Stereotype Content Model's demonstrably fundamental trait dimensions of perceived warmth and competence, images of Black Americans show three relevant patterns. Stereotyping by omission allows non-Blacks to accentuate the positive, excluding any lingering negativity but implying it by its absence; specifically, describing Black Americans as gregarious and passionate suggests warmth but ignores competence and implies its lack. Obama's credentials prevented him from being cast as incompetent, though the experience debate continued. His legendary calm and passionate charisma saved him on the warmth dimension. Social class subtypes for Black Americans differentiate dramatically between low-income Blacks and Black professionals, among both non-Black and Black samples. Obama clearly fit the moderately warm, highly competent Black-professional subtype. Finally, the campaign's events (and nonevents) allowed voter habituation to overcome non-Blacks' automatic emotional vigilance to Black Americans.
List of figures, tables, and charts
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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- Language Classification
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- 22 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 26 June 2008, pp vi-vi
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Language Classification
- History and Method
- Lyle Campbell, William J. Poser
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- Published online:
- 22 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 26 June 2008
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How are relationships established between the world's languages? This is one of the most topical and most controversial questions in contemporary linguistics. The central aims of this book are to answer this question, to cut through the controversies, and to contribute to research in distant genetic relationships. In doing this the authors aim to: (1) show how the methods have been employed; (2) reveal which methods, techniques, and strategies have proven successful and which ones have proven ineffective; (3) determine how particular language families were established; (4) evaluate several of the most prominent and more controversial proposals of distant genetic relationship (such as Amerind, Nostratic, Eurasiatic, Proto-World, and others); and (5) make recommendations for practice in future research. This book will contribute significantly to understanding language classification in general.
10 - Beyond the comparative method?
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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- Language Classification
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- 22 September 2009
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- 26 June 2008, pp 297-329
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Summary
De Laet [1643] on Hugo Grotius: If you are willing to change letters, to transpose syllables, to add and subtract, you will nowhere find anything that cannot be forced into this or that similarity; but to consider this as evidence for the origin of peoples – this is truly not proved as far as I am concerned.
(Cited in Metcalf 1974:241)Beyond the comparative method?
As we have seen in previous chapters, the criteria for establishing genetic relationships among languages were generally clear, and widely known and applied, with reliance on basic vocabulary, sound correspondences, and patterned grammatical evidence of particular sorts – where the comparative method played a central role. Nevertheless, a number of scholars have recently expressed dissatisfaction with what they perceive to be limitations of the traditional methods. “Since the tried-and-true Neogrammarian comparative method can only reach back a few thousand years before the evidence fades out, something else must be tried,” so declares Johanna Nichols (1996b:267), and recently she and others, recognizing the limitations of the comparative method, have proposed differing ways to see past them. While this goal is an appropriate one, none of the alternative approaches proposed to date has achieved success. In this chapter we assess several of these to show why they do not really reach beyond the limitations of the comparative method.
Index
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Preface
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Summary
We began talking together and thinking about the subject matter of this book when we prepared a paper for the Spring Workshop in Reconstruction in 1991, held at the University of Pittsburgh. We later decided to write this book, but were not able to do that until now due to other obligations. With respect to the division of labor, William Poser is primarily responsible for the writing of Chapter 5, part of Chapter 3, and parts of Chapter 4 (especially sections 4.8 and 4011). Lyle Campbell is the principal author of the other chapters and sections of this book.
11 - Why and how do languages diversify and spread?
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Australian aborigines … say that there was an old woman named Wururi, who went out at night and used to quench the fires with a great stick. When this old woman died the people tore her corpse to pieces. The Southern tribes coming up first ate her flesh, and immediately gained a very clear language. The Eastern and the Northern tribes, who came later, spoke less intelligible dialects.
(Farrar 1873:106)Introduction
What drives linguistic diversification? Why do languages split up and become families of related languages? What accounts for languages spreading to new territory? Because answers to how and why languages diversify into families of related languages are closely connected with issues of genetic affinity and linguistic classification, in this chapter we survey some of the main approaches which propose answers to these questions. We identify misleading claims and attempt to offer directions towards more adequate answers.
As mentioned in Chapter 1, throughout history there have been numerous theories about what causes languages to diversify, accounts involving, for example, migration, war and conquest, trade, geographical isolation, cessation of communication, social and economic organization (e.g. mounted warriors with expansionist proclivities, militaristic patriarchy), linguistically marked group identity entailing rights to resources, technological advantage (in, for example, food production, herding, navigation, metallurgy, military organization), even divine vengeance for the Tower of Babel caper.
5 - How some languages were shown to belong to Indo-European
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Babel, Tower of (babel, gate of God), Babylon, the Greek form of the Hebrew word bavel, which is closely allied and probably derived from the Akkadian babilu or “gate of God.” The date of its foundation is still disputed.
(Cornwell 1995)Introduction
There has been considerable confusion recently about how certain languages came to be established as members of the Indo-European family. In this chapter we take up the cases that have been discussed most, setting the record straight and deriving methodological object lessons from these successes. The methods used to establish these as Indo-European languages are quite instructive. Specifically we examine how Hittite, Armenian, and Venetic were shown to belong to the Indo-European family. (For Indo-European more broadly, see Chapters 2, 3, and 4.)
Hittite
Hittite was the language of the ancient Hittite empire in central Anatolia (present-day Turkey), and came to be known from the many clay tablets, written in cuneiform (and the earliest of these in Hieroglyphic Hittite), some from Tel el-Amarna in Egypt, but mostly known from the libraries containing Hittite and other clay documents in Boğaz Köy (today called Boğaz Kale), Turkey. Ultimately these were deciphered. Hittite (and the Anatolian branch generally to which Hittite belongs) proved to be Indo-European, against earlier intuitions. The first substantive claims concerning the Indo-European affiliation of Hittite were made by Knudtzon (1902) (cf. also Bugge 1902 and Torp 1902) in a book devoted to two letters between a Hittite ruler and the king of Egypt found at Tel el-Amarna in Egypt.
Frontmatter
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Appendix: Hypothesized distant genetic relationships
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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In this appendix, we attempt to provide a representative, reasonably comprehensive (but by no means exhaustive) listing of the hypotheses of distant genetic relationships which have been proposed. Limitations of space and practical considerations prevent us from evaluating each of these. Obviously these hypotheses are not all of even quality. Some are plausible and deserve further attention; some would find it difficult to escape ridicule, though they might be entertaining. We make no effort to provide extensive references for these various proposals, but do mention some relevant bibliography in some of the cases.
Afroasiatic (formerly Hamito–Semitic) (Greenberg 1963)
Ainu–Altaic (Patrie 1982)
Ainu and Indo–European (Lindquist 1960; Narumi 2000a; Tailleur 1961; see Hamp 1968)
Ainu–Austroasiatic (Vovin 1993)
Ainu–Gilyak (cf. Naert 1962)
Algonkian–Gulf (Haas 1958b, 1960; Gursky 1966–7, 1968)
Algonquian–Gulf and Hokan–Subtiaba (Gursky 1965, 1966–7, 1968)
Almosan–Keresiouan: Greenberg combined his Keresiouan (composed of Caddoan [including Adai], Iroquoian, Keresan, and Siouan–Yuchi) and Almosan (Sapir's Algonquian–Wakashan, combining Algic and Mosan) (Greenberg 1987:162–4).
Altaic (Georg et al. 1999; Grunzel 1895; Menges 1961, 1975; Miller 1987, 1991; Menovshchikov 1968; Poppe 1960, 1965, 1973, 1974, 1975; Ramstedt 1946–7, 1952, 1957; Shherbak 1966, 1986a, 1986b; Starostin 1991b; Starostin et al. 2003; Schott 1853, 1860; see Doerfer 1966, 1968, 1973, 1985, 1988; R'ona–Tas 1974; Ramstedt 1914–15, 1915–16; Starostin 1986; Unger 1990a; cf. Joki 1975, 1976, 1977, 1980)
[…]
8 - The philosophical–psychological– typological–evolutionary approach to language relationships
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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The founders of modern mind are philologists.
(Ernest Renan 1890:141 [Said 1979:132])Introduction
For most of this book we have been dealing with language classification as viewed in the dominant current of comparative linguistics. However, there is, or better said, there was, another once influential orientation, which involves philosophical–psychological(–typological–evolutionary) outlooks concerning the general nature and evolution of language, including the classification of languages. Both approaches reflect the nineteenth-century search for origins and the belief in “progress” (unilinear evolution). The two currents were partially overlapping and intertwined, and partially conflicting theoretical lines of historical linguistic thought. The other approach was still remembered and addressed, for example, by Sapir (1921b) and Bloomfield (1933) (see also Pedersen 1962[1931]), but is largely forgotten by current generations of linguists – though important unrecognized repercussions still affect historical linguistic work today, particularly in typological arguments. This difference has to do with the frequent nineteenth-century clash between linguistics viewed as a “Naturwissenschaft” and as a “Geisteswissenschaft.” Geisteswissenschaft was often translated as ‘moral [or spiritual] science’ (linked with modern humanities), Naturwissenschaft as ‘natural or physical science.’ This dichotomy is usually mentioned in connection with August Schleicher's attempt to place linguistics in the natural sciences, denying linguistics as a branch of the humanities or of the more spiritual/mental/“sentimental” intellectual pursuits (see Schleicher 1861–2). Bloomfield (1933:17–18) repeated the by then received opinion that there was both a nineteenth-century “main stream” represented by the Neogrammarians and a “small current,” the psychological–typological–evolutionary orientation represented by the Humboldt–Steinthal–Wundt tradition.
Contents
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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12 - What can we learn about the earliest human language by comparing languages known today?
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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‘Proto-World’ Conjectural protolanguage from which, according to some applications of mass comparison, all later languages have developed.
(P. H. Matthews, The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics. 1997:302)Introduction
Looking back from modern and attested older languages, what can we find out or reasonably hypothesize about the earliest human language (or languages)? The origin and evolution of human language is currently a very active area of scholarship, though curiously there appear to be more hypotheses than facts. That is, in spite of some very clever recent thinking in various directions, there is little of real substance from the remote past to work with, leaving speculation to dominate. Nevertheless, one area in which concrete data have been explored in language origins research is comparison of lexical and structural material from known languages. Attempts to understand something of the origin and evolution of the earliest human language are of relevance to the goals of this book because many involve very long-range classifications of the world's languages and claims about distant genetic relationship. In this chapter we deal with the lexical data which some scholars have used in attempts to reach conclusions about the earliest human language, and also less directly with some structural traits. The goal of the chapter is to determine what, if anything, can be learned about the earliest human language or languages based on comparisons of the linguistic evidence extant in modern and older attested languages.
6 - Comparative linguistics of other language families and regions
- Lyle Campbell, University of Utah, William J. Poser, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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In the distant past, no one could speak, which is one reason that people were destroyed at the end of the First and Second Creations. Then, while the sun deity was still walking on the earth, people finally learned to speak (Spanish), and all people everywhere understood each other. Later the nations and municipios [towns] were divided because they had begun to quarrel. Language was changed so that people would learn to live together peacefully in smaller groups.
(Tzotzil oral tradition, Gossen 1984:46–7)Introduction
Much of the discussion of how language families are established so far has involved the history of Indo-European research, appropriately so, given its role in the development of comparative linguistics. In this chapter, we survey how several other important language families came to be established. The particular language families discussed are well known, universally accepted, were for the most part established relatively early in the history of linguistics, and so potentially had some impact on the development of the historical linguistics. We examine the methods used to establish these families in order to determine what criteria and principles were involved and what lessons we can take from them. We also consider language classification in Africa, Australia, and the Americas, with an eye towards the methods utilized in language classification in these regions.